Search results

With this chapter, the authors reveal the content of the concept of economic capital, explore approaches to its evaluation, assess the implementation of the concept of economic capital in the national banking system, and identify problems and possible directions for development and convergence of the Russian approach with international requirements. As a result, the need to apply the model of economic capital in assessing bank capital is substantiated. A concept (from Latin “conception” – understanding a system) is a specific way of understanding (interpreting) an object, phenomenon, or process; that is, the main point of view on the subject and the guiding idea for its systematic coverage. This term is also used to refer to a leading idea and a constructive principle in scientific activity.

Initially, since 1988, under prudential supervision – a direct, quantitative-oriented approach, there existed a concept of regulatory capital, reflected in the document “International Convergence of Measurement Methods and Capital Standards” (Basel I). Regulatory capital was calculated to meet regulatory oversight standards. It was intended to cover unforeseen losses and reserves already identified; thereafter, expected losses were created.

The concept of regulatory capital proceeds from the premise that if capital must cover unexpected losses, it should be borne in mind that a surprise approximates uncertainty. Consequently, the theoretical possibility of occurrence of certain events is excluded and, hence, the methodical and practical ground of the concept of economic capital disappears, which is based on the assessment of default probability and the magnitude of its negative consequences for creditors.

The change in trends in banking regulation (the actions of supervisory authorities in matters of capital adequacy acquired a risk-oriented nature that takes into account the risks assumed by each bank and the quality of their management) led to the emergence of the concept of economic capital in 2004, which is reflected in the document “International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Standards of Capital: New Approaches” (Basel II).

According to this concept, commercial banks must have sufficient capital to cover not only credit and market, but also the operational risks. Thus, economic capital takes into account all the risky circumstances that a banking institution may encounter. The need to apply the method of economic capital in assessing the capital of a bank is justified and significant.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based human capital management (HCM) software solutions represent a potentially effective way to leverage and streamline a bank’s human resources. However, despite the attractiveness of AI-based HCM solutions to improve banks’ effectiveness, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no current studies that identify critical success factors (CSFs) for adopting AI-based HCM in the banking sector. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating CSFs for adopting AI-based HCM software solutions in the banking sector.

Full consistency method methodology and technology–organization–environment, economic and human framework are used for categorizing and ranking CSFs.

The study identifies the technological and environmental dimensions as the most and least important dimensions for AI-based HCM adoption in banks. Among specific CSFs, compatible technology facilities, sufficient privacy and security and relative advantages of technology over competing technologies were identified as the most important. Implementation of AI-based HCM solutions requires significant outlays of resources, both human and financial, for banks.

The study provides bank administrators a set of objective parameters and criterion to evaluate the feasibility of adopting a particular AI-based HCM solution in banks.

This paper aims to investigate influence of extraction solvent on the efficacy of apricot pomace extract (APE) as a sustainable corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in sodium chloride solution.

The chemical profiles of the extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Total phenolic, total flavonoid content and antioxidant properties of the extracts were determined. Besides, gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization and atomic force microscopy were used to study the corrosion inhibition. The effect of immersion period on inhibition efficiency was evaluated. The reaction mechanism of the inhibitor was also discussed.

Corrosion inhibition decreasing is in the following order: solution of 2-propanol/ethanol apricot pomace (E/PAPE) extract > ethanol (EAPE) > 2-propanol (PAPE). The gravimetric, polarization measurements and surface analysis revealed that the growth of inhibitory properties is prolonged, and corrosion rate reduction after 40–48 h of exposure was studied.

APEs play an important role in the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in sodium chloride solution. Moreover, its application is potentially possible in industries.

The results contribute to the integrated valorization of food waste.

The different compositions of the conversion/oxidation products of organic substances in solution were studied. The formation of polymerized flavanol-aldehyde adducts and oxidized quinone compounds or tautomers structures because of extract transformation in water causes main corrosion reduction in 40–48 h.

This paper aims to investigate the efficacy of grape pomace extract (GPE) as an eco-friendly vapor phase green inhibitor for corrosion of steel and assess the effect of the major compounds of extract on the inhibition efficiency.

The present study was carried out to identify the components present in the 2-propanol GPE by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Gravimetric, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, scanning electron microscopy and FTIR techniques were used to study the corrosion inhibitive.

GPE has inhibited mild steel corrosion in conditions of periodic condensation of moisture. The gravimetric measurement indicates that inhibition efficiency shows direct proportional relation with concentration of inhibitor. The GPE and main components acted as a mixed-type inhibitor with predominant cathodic effectiveness. Research limitations/implications. Because of the presence of large number of compounds in the extract, it becomes difficult to understand the most active compound responsible for inhibition. However, from gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and quantum data, the assumption has been made that the major compound of GPE is responsible for the inhibition activity.

The extract can be used in the temporary corrosion protection and is designed to prevent the corrosion of metal surfaces of equipment during transportation and storage.

GPE can be used as a potential source of ecofriendly corrosion inhibitor for steel corrosion.

This paper aims to propose a simple, eco-friendly method for obtaining colloidal solutions of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by using of contact non-equilibrium low-temperature plasma in presents polysorbate-80 and to assess their antibacterial activity in composite materials (beads) for water treatment process.

Silver nanoparticles were prepared in aqueous AgNO3 solution by using of contact non-equilibrium low-temperature plasma in the present of nonionic surfactant polysorbate-80 (Tween 80) as capping agent. Ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and zeta potential analysis were used to study the formation and properties of silver nanoparticles.

The formation of silver colloidal solutions in the presence of capping agent under plasma discharge is characterized by the presence of peak λmax = 380 – 402 nm in the spectra. The addition of sodium alginate into the reaction mixture allows synthesizing stable colloidal silver solutions. The average size of formed silver particles is up to 50 nm. Ag NPs exhibited an excellent bactericidal activity against both gram-positive and gram- negative bacteria. Composite beads prepared using nonionic surfactant were found to be effective in disinfecting the Staphylococcus aureus to different extents.

Further studies are necessary for confirmation of the practical application, especially of the toxicity of Ag NPs, as well as the sorption properties of the alginate beads with Ag NPs.

The method provides a simple and practical solution to improving the synthesis of colloidal solutions of Ag NPs for water treatment process.

Contact nonequilibrium low-temperature plasma can be used as an effective technique for synthesis of nanomaterials.

This study aims to investigate the inhibition performance of an aqueous extract of Matricaria recutita chamomile on the corrosion of S235JR steel in 0.5 M NaCl by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization measurements.

The inhibition performance was investigated using EIS and polarization measurements. Surface analysis demonstrates the presence of a protective layer on the steel surface in the presence of the extract. Quantum chemical parameters calculated for the molecules contained in the aqueous extract are interpreted to predict the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the considered extract.

The inhibition efficiency of chamomile aqueous extract for S235JR steel increases with increasing amounts of plant concentration and with an increase in the immersion time. The optimal inhibition efficiency of chamomile extract, 98.90 per cent, was achieved for S235JR steel when immersed in 15 per cent v/v of extract concentration for 2 h. The surface analysis in the absence and presence of the chamomile extract confirmed the formation of a protective layer on steel surface. The quantum chemical calculations allowed to explain the great inhibition efficiency values by interpreting the calculated quantum parameters.

This is the first study carrying out an experimental and theoretical investigation on M. recutita chamomile as a green corrosion inhibitor, with interesting potential industrial applications.

This paper aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles using atmospheric discharge plasma in contact with liquid at different pressure in reactor and to assess their catalytical properties for reducing 4-nanoparticles (NP).

The Ag colloidal NPs was rapidly synthesized as a result of non-equilibrium low-temperature plasma formation between an electrode and the surface of AgNO₃ solution for 5 min at different pressure in reactor. Synthesized Ag NPs were characterized with common analytical techniques. Ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning microcopy analysis were used to study the formation and characteristics of silver nanoparticles.

The formation of silver colloidal solutions under plasma discharge at different pressure in reactor is characterized by the presence of surface resonance peak in the spectra. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed the formation of spherical particles having a size distribution in the range of 15-26 nm. The AgNPs solution showed excellent rapid catalytic activity for the complete degradation of toxic 4-nitrophenol (4-NPh) into non-toxic 4-aminophenol (4-APh) within 18 min.

Further studies are necessary for confirmation of the practical application, especially of deposition Ag NPs on TiO₂.

The method provides a simple and practical solution to improving the synthesis of colloidal solutions of Ag NPs for degradation of organic pollutants (4-NPh) in water and wasters water.

Atmospheric discharge plasma in contact with liquid at different pressure can be used as an effective technique for synthesis of nanomaterials with catalytic properties.

Plant development and use as green corrosion inhibitors are already recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly and effective protocols. In recent years, efforts have been made to find green corrosion inhibitors as an alternative to synthetic inhibitors for metals in acid medium. This paper aims to report the investigation of use of aqueous extracts of Tamarindus Indica as green inhibitors for corrosion of metals within different circumstances.

The use of Tamarindus Indica extracts (leaves, stem, fruit pulp and fruit husk) as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel and aluminum in different mediums (HCl, H2SO4, formic acid and citric acid) at different temperatures was investigated.

The inhibitory efficiency of Tamarindus Indica extracts increases with increasing concentration and decreases with increasing temperature. Langmuir is the adsorption isotherm, and the extract (inhibitor) is a mixed-type inhibitor (physisorption and chemisorption).

Tamarindus extracts (leaves, stem, fruit pulp and fruit husk) are effective inhibitors and can be used to protect metals from corrosion at different circumstances.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first review that discusses the use of Tamarindus Indica extracts as corrosion inhibitors for metals.

Gallic acid is a substance that is widely found in nature. Initially, it was only used as a corrosion inhibitor to retard the rate of corrosion of metals. In recent years, with intensive research by scholars, the modification of coatings containing gallic acid has become a hot topic in the field of metal protection. This study aims to summarize the various preparation methods of gallic acid and its research progress in corrosion inhibitors and coatings, as well as related studies using quantum chemical methods to assess the predicted corrosion inhibition effects and to systematically describe the prospects and current status of gallic acid applications in the field of metal corrosion inhibition and protection.

First, the various methods of preparation of gallic acid in industry are understood. Second, the corrosion inhibition principles and research progress of gallic acid as a metal corrosion inhibitor are presented. Then, the corrosion inhibition principles and research progress of gallic acid involved in the synthesis and modification of various rust conversion coatings, nano-coatings and organic resin coatings are described. After that, studies related to the evaluation and prediction of gallic acid corrosion inhibition on metals by quantum chemical methods are presented. Finally, new research ideas on gallic acid in the field of corrosion inhibition and protection of metals are summarized.

Gallic acid can be used as a corrosion inhibitor or coating in metal protection.

There is a lack of research on the synergistic improvement of gallic acid and other substances.

The specific application of gallic acid in the field of metal protection was summarized, and the future research focus was put forward.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper systematically expounds on the research progress of gallic acid in the field of metal protection for the first time and provides new ideas and directions for future research.